91网站在线观看免费_伊人亚洲综合影院首页_在线天堂中文官网_亚洲干干_最新天堂在线视频_日本精品成人_亚洲成人欧美成人_爱韩av_日本猛少妇xxxxx猛叫爽_国产特级全黄一级97毛片_激情综合色五月丁香六月欧美_国产乱子伦视频大全亚琴影院_成人另类视频_国产精品永久视频免费_国内黄色小视频_成人精品国产_国产一区福利_久久国产午夜精品理论片_午夜少妇性影院私人影院在线_国产福利91

 
您當(dāng)前的位置: 網(wǎng)站首頁 > 公司動(dòng)態(tài) >200升塑料桶的耐候性測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其在戶外應(yīng)用中的適應(yīng)性
新聞中心NEWS

200升塑料桶的耐候性測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其在戶外應(yīng)用中的適應(yīng)性

發(fā)表時(shí)間:2025-09-05

200升塑料桶作為戶外儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)輸場(chǎng)景(如化工原料露天存放、農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉液體周轉(zhuǎn)、應(yīng)急物資戶外儲(chǔ)備等)的常用容器,其耐候性直接決定了長(zhǎng)期使用中的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性與內(nèi)容物安全性。耐候性核心針對(duì)戶外環(huán)境中的紫外線輻射、溫度交替、濕度變化及風(fēng)雨侵蝕等因素,需通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試驗(yàn)證材料與結(jié)構(gòu)的抗老化能力,進(jìn)而判斷其戶外應(yīng)用適應(yīng)性。

一、200升塑料桶的耐候性測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

目前全球范圍內(nèi)針對(duì)塑料桶耐候性的測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已形成體系,不同地區(qū)與行業(yè)會(huì)根據(jù)應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景細(xì)化指標(biāo),核心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可分為國(guó)際通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、區(qū)域行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)兩類,測(cè)試內(nèi)容圍繞“模擬戶外老化環(huán)境-檢測(cè)性能變化”展開:

1. 國(guó)際通用核心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

ISO 4892系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(塑料實(shí)驗(yàn)室光源暴露試驗(yàn))

這是塑料耐候性測(cè)試的基礎(chǔ)框架,也是200升塑料桶耐候性驗(yàn)證的核心依據(jù),分為3個(gè)部分對(duì)應(yīng)不同模擬場(chǎng)景:

ISO 4892-2(氙弧燈暴露):十分貼近戶外自然光照的測(cè)試方法,通過氙弧燈模擬太陽光譜(包含紫外線、可見光與紅外線),同時(shí)控制環(huán)境溫度(黑板溫度通常為63℃±3℃)、相對(duì)濕度(50%±5%)及噴淋周期(如18min噴淋/102min干燥的循環(huán)),模擬戶外晴雨交替環(huán)境。測(cè)試時(shí)將 200 升塑料桶樣品(或按桶體材料、厚度截取的代表性試樣)置于試驗(yàn)箱中,暴露時(shí)間根據(jù)需求設(shè)定(常規(guī)為1000h2000h,對(duì)應(yīng)戶外1-2年老化效果),試驗(yàn)后檢測(cè)桶體關(guān)鍵性能:如拉伸強(qiáng)度保留率(要求不低于初始值的70%)、沖擊強(qiáng)度變化(簡(jiǎn)支梁沖擊強(qiáng)度下降幅度不超過30%)、桶身外觀(無明顯開裂、變色、變形,色差ΔEab不超過5)及密封性(參考前文密封性測(cè)試方法,確保老化后無泄漏)。

ISO 4892-3(熒光紫外燈暴露):聚焦紫外線對(duì)塑料的老化影響,尤其針對(duì)戶外長(zhǎng)期受紫外線直射的桶體表面(如桶蓋、桶身頂部),采用熒光紫外燈(主要發(fā)射UVA-340UVB-313波長(zhǎng),匹配戶外紫外線核心老化波段),控制溫度(黑板溫度40℃±3℃,冷凝階段50℃±3℃)與冷凝周期(如4h紫外照射/4h冷凝的循環(huán)),暴露時(shí)間通常為500h-1500h。試驗(yàn)后重點(diǎn)檢測(cè)桶體表面的抗開裂性(用放大鏡觀察無長(zhǎng)度超過2mm的裂紋)、光澤度變化(光澤度保留率不低于初始值的60%)及材料脆化程度(彎曲測(cè)試中無斷裂)。

ASTM D1148(橡膠與塑料暴露于戶外自然環(huán)境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)踐)

與實(shí)驗(yàn)室模擬測(cè)試不同,該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)屬于“自然暴露測(cè)試”,需將明顯開裂、變色、變形樣品放置在指定的戶外暴露場(chǎng)(如美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)州邁阿密、亞利桑那州鳳凰城等典型氣候區(qū)域,分別代表高溫高濕、高溫干旱環(huán)境),按45°角傾斜放置(模擬戶外實(shí)際擺放狀態(tài),確保大面積接受光照與雨淋),定期(如每3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月、1年)檢測(cè)桶體性能。測(cè)試周期通常為1-3年,核心評(píng)估指標(biāo)包括桶體尺寸穩(wěn)定性(直徑、高度變化率不超過1%)、抗壓強(qiáng)度(堆疊承重能力下降不超過20%)及密封圈老化程度(彈性恢復(fù)率不低于初始值的50%,無明顯硬化、龜裂)。

2. 區(qū)域與行業(yè)細(xì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

歐盟EN 12574標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(塑料運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存容器)

針對(duì)歐盟市場(chǎng)的200升塑料桶,其耐候性測(cè)試在ISO 4892基礎(chǔ)上增加了“低溫抗沖擊”要求 —— 模擬歐洲冬季戶外低溫環(huán)境(-20℃±2℃),將老化后的桶體在該溫度下放置24h,隨后進(jìn)行跌落測(cè)試(從1.2m高度跌落至硬質(zhì)地面,跌落面為桶身側(cè)面),要求桶體無破裂、內(nèi)容物無泄漏,同時(shí)桶蓋與桶口的密封結(jié)構(gòu)無失效(通過氣壓測(cè)試驗(yàn)證)。

中國(guó)GB/T 19273標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(人造板及飾面人造板理化性能試驗(yàn)方法)

雖以人造板為核心,但其中的“耐老化性能測(cè)試”方法被國(guó)內(nèi)塑料桶行業(yè)參考,針對(duì)戶外使用的200升塑料桶,補(bǔ)充了“濕熱老化”測(cè)試:將桶體置于40℃±2℃、相對(duì)濕度90%±5%的恒溫恒濕箱中,放置1000h后檢測(cè)桶身焊縫強(qiáng)度(焊接處拉伸強(qiáng)度下降不超過25%)與桶蓋螺紋配合性(仍能正常擰緊、拆卸,無滑絲現(xiàn)象)。

二、200升塑料桶在戶外應(yīng)用中的適應(yīng)性分析

基于上述測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的驗(yàn)證結(jié)果,200升塑料桶的戶外適應(yīng)性需結(jié)合材料特性、環(huán)境條件、使用周期三要素綜合判斷,核心適配場(chǎng)景與限制條件如下:

1. 適配的戶外應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景

溫和氣候區(qū)的中短期儲(chǔ)存(1-2年)

在年均溫度10-25℃、紫外線強(qiáng)度中等、降水均勻的區(qū)域(如中國(guó)華東、華南部分地區(qū)),采用符合ISO 4892-2測(cè)試(2000h老化后性能達(dá)標(biāo))的HDPE(高密度聚乙烯)塑料桶,可適配戶外儲(chǔ)存非腐蝕性液體(如清水、普通農(nóng)藥、化肥溶液),這類桶體通常添加了抗氧劑(如受阻酚類)與紫外線吸收劑(如苯并三唑類),能有效延緩紫外線導(dǎo)致的材料降解,2年內(nèi)桶身無明顯變色、變形,密封性與承重能力可維持初始水平,適合農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉儲(chǔ)備、市政應(yīng)急供水等場(chǎng)景。

高溫干旱區(qū)的短期周轉(zhuǎn)(6個(gè)月內(nèi))

在年均溫度25-35℃、紫外線強(qiáng)但濕度低的區(qū)域(如中國(guó)西北、西南部分地區(qū)),選擇通過ASTM D1148自然暴露測(cè)試(6個(gè)月無明顯老化)的200升塑料桶體,可用于短期周轉(zhuǎn)油性介質(zhì)(如機(jī)械潤(rùn)滑油、柴油)。需注意:此類環(huán)境下桶體表面易因高溫加速老化,需避免長(zhǎng)期暴曬(建議搭配遮陽棚或淺色防曬罩),且周轉(zhuǎn)周期不超過6個(gè)月,防止桶身硬度上升、韌性下降導(dǎo)致的抗沖擊性能衰退。低溫環(huán)境的靜態(tài)儲(chǔ)存(需特殊改性)對(duì)于冬季溫度低于-10℃的區(qū)域(如中國(guó)東北、華北部分地區(qū)),需選用經(jīng)過低溫耐候改性的200升塑料桶—— 材料中添加增韌劑(如POE聚烯烴彈性體),并通過EN 12574低溫跌落測(cè)試(-20℃下跌落無破裂),這類桶體可在戶外靜態(tài)儲(chǔ)存防凍液、低溫潤(rùn)滑劑等介質(zhì),儲(chǔ)存周期1年內(nèi),需避免在低溫下頻繁搬運(yùn)或堆疊(低溫下塑料脆性增加,碰撞易導(dǎo)致桶身開裂)。

2. 戶外應(yīng)用的核心限制與優(yōu)化建議

長(zhǎng)期強(qiáng)紫外線暴露的限制(超過2年)

即使添加抗老化助劑,200升塑料桶在戶外強(qiáng)紫外線環(huán)境(如高原、熱帶地區(qū))暴露超過2年后,仍會(huì)出現(xiàn)材料降解:桶身表面會(huì)逐漸變脆、出現(xiàn)微裂紋,拉伸強(qiáng)度可能下降至初始值的50%以下,密封性也會(huì)因密封圈老化(彈性喪失)而失效。此類場(chǎng)景下,建議采用“定期更換”策略(每2年更換一次桶體),或選擇表面覆合抗紫外線涂層(如氟碳涂層)的增強(qiáng)型桶體,涂層可反射70%以上的紫外線,延長(zhǎng)戶外使用壽命至3-4年。

濕熱環(huán)境的腐蝕與霉變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

在高溫高濕環(huán)境(如中國(guó)華南雨季),200升塑料桶體若儲(chǔ)存含微量腐蝕性的介質(zhì)(如弱酸性農(nóng)藥),會(huì)加速桶身材料的水解老化 —— 桶口螺紋處易出現(xiàn)溶脹、滑絲,密封圈也可能因濕氣滲透而發(fā)霉、失去彈性。優(yōu)化建議包括:選擇耐水解的HDPE牌號(hào)(如乙烯-己烯共聚物),并在桶口螺紋處涂抹耐候性潤(rùn)滑脂(如硅基潤(rùn)滑脂),同時(shí)定期(每3個(gè)月)檢查桶體內(nèi)部是否有濕氣凝結(jié),及時(shí)清理冷凝水以減少水解風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

極端天氣下的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性不足

戶外遭遇暴雨、強(qiáng)風(fēng)、冰雹等極端天氣時(shí),普通200升塑料桶可能因風(fēng)壓沖擊、冰雹撞擊出現(xiàn)桶身變形或破裂。需通過結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提升適應(yīng)性:如選擇桶身帶加強(qiáng)筋的設(shè)計(jì)(加強(qiáng)筋間距不超過10cm,厚度不低于桶身壁厚的80%),增強(qiáng)抗風(fēng)壓能力;戶外擺放時(shí)采用固定支架或堆疊限位裝置,防止強(qiáng)風(fēng)導(dǎo)致桶體傾倒;冰雹高發(fā)區(qū)可搭配金屬防護(hù)罩(罩體與桶身保留5cm緩沖間隙),避免直接撞擊損傷。

本文來源:慶云新利塑業(yè)有限公司http://www.milesou.cn/

聯(lián)系方式
手機(jī):15069256363
手機(jī)訪問官網(wǎng)
  主站蜘蛛池模板: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |